Pattern of hepatobiliary involvement in HIV/AIDS patients: study in a tertiary care centre

Background: Diseases of hepatobiliary system is a major problem in patients with HIV infection. It has been estimated that approximately one third of the death of patients with HIV infection are in some way related to liver disease. While this is predominantly a reflection of the problems encountered in the setting of co-infection Hepatitis B or C, it is also a reflection of the hepatic injury in the form of hepatic steatosis, that can be due to antiretroviral therapy. There had been little work done on liver function tests in HIV patients without pre-existing liver disease like viral hepatitis, or alcoholic hepatitis. So, this study was designed to assess the pattern of liver function test derangement in HIV patients. Aims and objective was to study the different pattern of hepatobiliary involvement in HIV positive patients, and to gauge the extent of liver damage.Methods: The study included 50 HIV positive patients coming to SMS hospital and Medical College, Jaipur, in medicine and HIV clinic of skin and VD department. Subjects having HIV test positive by ELISA, are included in this study. Other causes of liver function derangements were excluded from the study.Results: Maximum number of the patients were in the age group of 23-32 years. Out of 50 cases studied, 41 (82 %) cases had abnormal liver function tests, while 9 (18%) had normal liver function tests. Most of the cases had liver function abnormalities, and most common abnormality was raised SGOT/SGPT.Conclusions: Almost all types of liver function tests are found to be deranged in HIV patients. The pattern of hepatobiliary involvement varied from fatty liver, cholestasis to Toxic necrosis and granulomas.

Additional right renal veins: clinical implication.

Background: Each kidney is drained by single renal vein on each side. Right renal vein is shorter than left renal vein and both veins drain into inferior vena cava. The aim of our study is to find the variation in renal vasculature at the renal hilum. Methods: The present study was conducted on the 30 embalmed cadavers (20 males and 10 females) in the Department of Anatomy of SRMS IMS, Bareilly from 2006 to 2015. Results: The present study revealed the presence of two additional renal veins on the right side along with the normal right renal vein in one cadaver (3.33%). Conclusion: Therefore, it is crucial to understand the variation of renal vein as this is important for the designing of catheter, angiography, renovascular hypertension, treatment of renal trauma and renal artery embolization. Therefore, the variation of renal vein should be kept in mind during transplantation and to prevent bleeding by an accidental trauma when operating in the retroperitoneal region.

A Rare Case of Primary Diffuse Large Cell Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma of Testis.

Primary testicular lymphomas (PTL) are rare entities representing 1-2% of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) and 1-7% of malignant testicular tumours. They are most commonly seen in men older than 60 years. The most common type of primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) is diffuse large B-cell type which has the potential for aggressive clinical behaviour. We report the case of a 45 years old male with primary testicular lymphoma which was first diagnosed on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and subsequently confirmed histopathologically and immunophenotypically as Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) showing CD20 positivity. This case report confirms the literature data concerning the rarity of testicular Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma (TNHL) with DLBCL being the most common phenotype and the poor prognosis of the disease despite aggressive management.

ABCA1 C69T gene polymorphism and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Saudi population.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease induced by complex interactions between environmental factors and certain genetic factors. Genetic variants in the Adenosine Binding Cassette Transporter Proteins 1 (ABCA1) have been associated with abnormalities of serum lipid levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). Decreased serum levels of HDL-C have often been observed in T2DM cases, and this condition has been considered to be involved in the mechanism of insulin resistance (IR). Therefore, we investigated possible association between ABCA1 C69T gene polymorphism and T2DMin a Saudi population. This study was carried out with 380 healthy control subjects and 376 T2DM patients. Genotyping of ABCA1 C69T polymorphism was carried out by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism technique. We observed that the frequency of the T allele of the ABCA1 C69T gene was significantly higher in healthy subjects compared to T2DMpatients (0.28 vs 0.45; p<0.0001; OR (95% CI) = 0.4624 (0.3732–0.5729), and therefore the T allele may be a protective factor against T2DM in the Saudi population.

Medicolegal importance of inca bone in forensic.

Skull is usually available human bone for establishing personal identity. Presence of Inca bone in human skull is one such feature that may be identified on radiological examination and if earlier recorded help in establishing the identity of deceased. Complete division of membranous and cartilaginous part of occipital bone by a transverse suture extending between the two lambdoid sutures at the level of highest nuchal line above the external occipital protuberance, results in rare cranial variation presenting as Inca bone.During medicolegal examination of one male skull at Madhya Pradesh Medicolegal Institute Bhopal, presence of Inca bone was found. The interparietal bone is formed by a part of the squamous occipital bone bounded by two lambdoid sutures on two sides and additional longitudinal suture on both sides between lambdoid suture and external occipital protuberance forming diamond shaped Os Incae Centrale that can also be considered as intra-occipital bone. Such rare findings have significant anthropological and embryological basis. Specific anatomical feature if earlier documented in the clinico-radio-pathological reports of the deceased provides opportunity for establishing the identity.

Prevalences of simian, Sydney and Suwon creases and their association with each other, body sides, handedness, sex and anomalies/diseases/syndromes in a population of Central India / Prevalencias de liegues simiesco, de Sydney y de Suwon y su asociación entre ellos, lados del cuerpo, dominancia manual, sexo y anomalías/enfermedades/síndromes en una población de la India Central

The Simian and Sydney creases are variant palmar creases which have now drawn medical attention as their presence correlates strongly with numerous chromosomal anomalies and diseases. Works on these creases have been done on several human communities, racial and ethnic but no specific study is focussed out on the Indian populations. In this study 1000 Central Indian subjects (500 males and 500 females) aged between 5 to 70 years were randomly selected and examined by the authors. We found the prevalence of Simian, Sydney and Suwon creases in studied population of Central India is 14.4 percent, 3.6 percent and 2.4 percent respectively, which is a little higher than the figures for Asians and Caucasians claimed by earlier studies. There is no any association between these creases. The Simian crease is predominantly unilateral right side and associated with handedness. It is more common in males. The Sydney crease does not have unilateral or bilateral predominance and association with handedness but it is more common in females. The Suwon crease does not have unilateral or bilateral predominance and association with handedness but it is more common in males. There is no association of these creases with anomalies/diseases/syndromes. Conclusively this work draws attention to the importance of undertaking parallel investigations on every socio-cultural human group or population wherever possible.

Los pliegues simiescos y de Sydney, son pliegues palmares variantes que en la actualidad han llamado la atención médica, ya que su presencia se relaciona estrechamente con numerosas anomalías cromosómicas y enfermedades. Investigaciones sobre estos pliegues se han realizado en diferentes comunidades humanas, raciales y étnicas, pero ningún estudio específico se centra sobre las poblaciones indígenas. En este estudio 1000 sujetos de la India central (500 hombres y mujeres 500) entre 5 y 70 años fueron seleccionados al azar y examinados. Se encontró que la prevalencia de los pliegues Simiescos, de Sydney y de Suwon de la población estudiada es de 14,4 por ciento, 3,6 por ciento y 2,4 por ciento respectivamente, mayor que los porcentajes en asiáticos y caucásicos. No hay ninguna asociación entre estos pliegues. El pliegue simiesco es predominantemente unilateral derecho y se asocia con dominancia manual. Es más común en los hombres. El pliegue de Sydney no tiene predominio unilateral o bilateral, ni asociación con dominancia manual, pero es más común en las mujeres. El pliegue de Suwon no tiene predominio unilateral o bilateral, ni asociación con dominancia manual, pero es más común en los hombres. No existe ninguna asociación de estos pliegues con anomalías/enfermedades/síndromes. Se concluye la importancia de realizar investigaciones paralelas en todos los grupos humanos o socio-culturales de la población siempre que sea posible.

Molecular characterization of Chaetomium species using URP-PCR

Chaetomium spp. are common colonizers of soil and cellulose-containing substrates. Seventeen isolates of Chaetomium spp., which included 15 isolates of C. globosum and one each of C. reflexum and C. perlucidum, were genetically characterized with universal rice primers (URP - primers derived from DNA repeat sequences in the rice genome) using polymerase chain reaction (URP-PCR). Out of the 12 URP's used in the study, nine primers were effective in producing polymorphic fingerprint patterns from DNA of Chaetomium spp. Analysis of the entire fingerprint profile using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) clearly differentiated C. globosum isolates from C. perlucidum and C. reflexum. One of the primers, URP-2R, produced a uniform DNA band of 1.9 kb in all the isolates of C. globosum but not in C. perlucidum and C. reflexum, which can be used as molecular marker to differentiate C. globosum from other species. Our results indicate that URP's are sensitive and give reproducible results for assaying the genetic variability in Chaetomium spp.